ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN CHALLENGES: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOSCOW AND BEIJING
Abstract and keywords
Abstract (English):
In the context of global urbanization, megacities have become the epicenter of environmental risks that determine the sustainability of civilizational development. By 2050, 68% of the planet’s population will reside in cities, with megacities (over 10 million inhabitants) facing acute challenges: resource depletion, environmental pollution, and climate threats. This necessitates a paradigm shift in urban governance — from prioritizing economic growth to strategies of “sustainable survival.” Moscow and Beijing follow development paths typical of transitional economies: the former relies on Soviet-era industrial heritage and natural resources, while the latter is known for rapid economic growth and political experimentation. Their contrasts in environmental policy, technological solutions, and institutional approaches highlight the impact of geographical, political, and technological factors on the resilience of Global South megacities, offering lessons for adapting eco-logical strategies.

Keywords:
sustainable development, environmental risks, urban management, pollution, waste management
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